Andrew Thomas

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Department of Environmental and Geographical Sciences. Manchester Metropolitan University. Manchester. M1 5GD
Tel. +44 (0) 161 247 1600 (General Office)

A.D.Thomas@mmu.ac.uk
S.Hoon@mmu.ac.uk
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Brown/black type 2 cyanobacteria crust. South Africa.
Cyanobacteria Crust, Northwest Province, South Africa. Note the filaments hanging from below.
A simple, flat, colourless type 1 cyanobacteria crust. NW Province, S. Africa.
A weak cyanobacteria crust in Kalahari Sands covered in rain drop impact craters.
Thick, black, type 3 cyanobacteria crust, calcrete pan, Botswana
Well developed, black, type 3 crust on a calcrete pan (Jackies Pan, Botswana)
Lichen crusts, Helen Shan Mts, China. Recent rain has caused them to green up as they photosynthesis and produce chlorophyll.
Biological Soil Crust Images
Lichen Crust, Tabernas, SE Spain.
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Black, bumpy surface of a type 3 crust
Type 1 cyanobacteria crust covered in wind blown sand